Release notes

This page highlights key changes in NEMO since its initial public release. For a full history of NEMO releases, including the code for each version, see the Releases page on NEMO's GitHub site.

Version 2.1

• Enabled model period technology activity limits when calculating selected years: Revised NEMO to allow the use of model period technology activity limits (TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityUpperLimit and TotalTechnologyModelPeriodActivityLowerLimit) when calculating selected years. See Calculating selected years for details.

• Enabled model period emission limits when calculating selected years: Revised NEMO to allow the use of model period emission limits (ModelPeriodEmissionLimit) when calculating selected years. See Calculating selected years for details.

• Minimum and maximum annual transmission between nodes: Added two parameters, MinAnnualTransmissionNodes and MaxAnnualTransmissionNodes, that allow you to specify the minimum and maximum amount of a fuel transmitted from one node to another in a year (i.e., delivered to the receiving node via transmission from the sending node). Among other things, these parameters can be used to recreate historical transmission and simulate power purchase agreements.

• Use of nodal fuels by non-nodal technologies: Updated NEMO so technologies that are not simulated at the nodal level (i.e., that are not assigned to nodes in NodalDistributionTechnologyCapacity) can use fuels for which transmission modeling is enabled. Any such use is distributed to nodes using NodalDistributionDemand and is reflected in the following variables: vrateofusebytechnologybymodenn, vrateofusebytechnologynn, vrateofusenn, vusenn, vuseannualnn, vrateofuse, vusebytechnology, and vusebytechnologyannual.

Version 2.0

• Julia platform upgrade: Updated NEMO to use Julia 1.9.3 and newer releases of the Julia packages for the Cbc, CPLEX, GLPK, Gurobi, HiGHS, Mosek, and Xpress solvers. These packages add support for new versions of several solvers, including Gurobi 10.0 and 11.0, HiGHS 1.6, and Mosek 10.1.

• Fuel-specific reserve margins: Refactored NEMO's reserve margin calculations to allow a different margin for each fuel, region, and year. Added a fuel subscript to the ReserveMargin parameter, the ReserveMarginTagTechnology parameter, and the vtotalcapacityinreservemargin output variable. Removed the ReserveMarginTagFuel parameter and vdemandneedingreservemargin output variable.

• Availability factors for transmission lines: Added a parameter that defines time-sliced availability factors for transmission lines (TransmissionAvailabilityFactor). It allows you to simulate times when lines are unavailable or at reduced capacity. This parameter must be used when modeling transmission - if you don't want to represent reduced availability for lines, set a default of 1.0 for TransmissionAvailabilityFactor in the default parameters table or by using the setparamdefault function.

• After scenario calculation event: Added an option to have NEMO run a custom Julia script after scenario calculation. To use this feature, create a NEMO configuration file and specify the path to the script in the afterscenariocalc key (within the include block).

• Saving suboptimal solutions: Added support for saving suboptimal solutions when calculating a scenario. These include solutions where optimization results in one of the following MathOptInterface termination statuses: LOCALLY_SOLVED, ALMOST_OPTIMAL, ITERATION_LIMIT, TIME_LIMIT, NODE_LIMIT, SOLUTION_LIMIT, MEMORY_LIMIT, OBJECTIVE_LIMIT, NORM_LIMIT, OTHER_LIMIT. In these cases, the solution is saved to the scenario database, and NEMO issues a warning.

• Bug fix - warm starts: Fixed a bug in NEMO's warm starting functionality that was caused by a recent release of the Julia SQLite package. This bug led to the following error when performing a warm start without specifying startvalsvars: SQLite.SQLiteException("no such column: val").

• Other database changes: Deleted the unused AvailabilityFactor parameter and renamed CapacityFactor to AvailabilityFactor. The revised name more clearly describes the parameter's purpose.

• Other enhancements: Better aligned solver invocation in NEMO's test cases with how solvers are called when using NEMO with LEAP. This change should improve performance for most LEAP-NEMO users. Added logic to mitigate database locking errors when running NEMO on multiple threads.

Version 1.9

• HiGHS solver: Added HiGHS as an officially supported NEMO solver. HiGHS is a high-performance, open-source solver that works with linear programming, mixed-integer programming, and quadratic programming models. This enhancement includes incorporating HiGHS in the Julia system image that's distributed with the NEMO installer program.

• Microarchitecture-specific optimizations: Introduced microarchitecture-specific optimizations in the Julia system image delivered by the NEMO installer. This enhancement can reduce NEMO’s start-up and calculation time on many computers. Currently, optimizations for Skylake, Cannon Lake, Ice Lake, Rocket Lake, Tiger Lake, and Alder Lake microarchitectures are included in the installer.

• Bug fix - renewable energy targets with transmission: Fixed a bug in how NEMO handles renewable energy minimum production targets for fuels for which transmission modeling is enabled.

• Controlling JuMP direct mode and bridging from configuration files: Added two configuration file options that control whether NEMO uses JuMP's direct mode and bridging features when calculating a scenario. Both options are in the calculatescenarioargs block: jumpdirectmode enables/disables direct mode, while jumpbridges enables/disables bridging. These switches override the selection of direct mode and bridging specified in calls to calculatescenario - i.e., in the jumpmodel passed to calculatescenario. If you enable direct mode or turn off bridging, NEMO bypasses default behavior of JuMP that enhances solver compatibility at the expense of performance. This can substantially reduce memory use and solve time, but it may lead to solver errors. See the documentation on configuration files, Performance tips, and JuMP's documentation for more details.

• Region groups: Added a new dimension for groups of regions and parameters to assign regions to groups (RRGroup) and to enforce renewable energy production targets for groups (REMinProductionTargetRG). Each region can belong to zero or more groups. When renewable energy targets are applied at the group level, NEMO finds the least-cost way to distribute renewable production across the grouped regions.

• JuMP upgrade: Updated NEMO to use JuMP 1.2.0, MathOptInterface 1.7.0, and the latest versions of the Julia interfaces (packages) for the Cbc, Gurobi, and Mosek solvers.

• Other enhancements: Implemented miscellaneous robustness improvements for multithreading in NEMO. Updated NEMO to use the latest versions of some other Julia packages on which it depends, including SQLite and DataFrames.

Version 1.8

• Julia platform upgrade: Updated NEMO to run on Julia 1.7.2, JuMP 1.0.0, and new versions of the Julia interfaces (packages) for the Cbc, CPLEX, GLPK, Gurobi, Mosek, and Xpress solvers. With this enhancement, NEMO can now be used with Gurobi 9.5, CPLEX 22.1, and Xpress 8.10-8.13, among other solver versions. See Solver compatibility for full details on compatible solvers.

Version 1.7

• Multi-threading: Implemented a new paradigm for parallel processing in NEMO - replaced distributed Julia processes with multi-threading. In addition to streamlining operations that were already parallelized, this change allowed parallelization of constraint creation and results saving in calculatescenario. It should reduce run-time and memory use for most models. Deprecated the numprocs and targetprocs arguments for calculatescenario and writescenariomodel; they were used to select distributed Julia processes and are no longer needed. When parallel processing, NEMO uses as many threads as are available in the Julia session. This in turn is controlled by a command line argument or environment variable provided when invoking Julia (see Julia's documentation for details).

• Improved functionality for renewable energy targets: Increased the flexibility and simplicity of NEMO's renewable energy target calculations. Added fuel as a dimension for REMinProductionTarget, so this parameter now describes the fraction of a fuel's production in a region and year that must be by renewable technologies. As in earlier versions of NEMO, the RETagTechnology parameter determines the renewability of technologies. Modified the logic for verifying compliance with REMinProductionTarget to exclude production from storage. Removed the RETagFuel parameter and vtotalreproductionannual and vretotalproductionoftargetfuelannual output variables since the new calculation method made them superfluous.

• Variables for generation and renewable generation: Added output variables for annual generation (i.e., production excluding production from storage) and annual generation from renewable technologies. See vgenerationannualnn, vgenerationannualnodal, vregenerationannualnn, and vregenerationannualnodal.

• Minimum production share: Added MinShareProduction, a parameter that specifies a technology's minimum share of production of a fuel in a given region and year (excluding production from storage).

• Warm starts: Added two arguments to calculatescenario and writescenariomodel to enable warm starting optimization. NEMO's approach to warm starting is to take starting values for model output (decision) variables from a previously calculated scenario database. You specify the path to the previously calculated database with the startvalsdbpath argument; and you can optionally control which variables get starting values with the startvalsvars argument. These arguments can be provided either on the command line or through a NEMO configuration file. See the documentation for calculatescenario for more details.

• Bypassing optimization when results have already been calculated: Added an argument to calculatescenario, precalcresultspath, that allows you to identify a previously calculated scenario database that should be used in lieu of optimizing the main scenario database passed to the function (i.e., the database named in the dbpath argument). If you specify a previously calculated database with precalcresultspath, NEMO copies it over the database at dbpath. This feature is intended for users who are calling NEMO through LEAP and want to compile results from multiple scenarios (which may have been calculated on different machines) in one LEAP area. You can use precalcresultspath either on the command line or through a NEMO configuration file. See the documentation for calculatescenario for more details.

• Bug fix - transmission line efficiency: Corrected an error in how NEMO calculates transmission energy losses and variable costs when the transmission modeling type is 3 (pipeline flow; see TransmissionModelingEnabled) and line efficiency is less than 1. The calculations now properly account for bidirectional flow through lines. As part of this fix, removed the vtransmissionbylineannual output variable and added two variables for transmission variable costs: vvariablecosttransmission and vvariablecosttransmissionbyts.

• Windows installer enhancements for multi-user environments: Revised the NEMO Windows installer program to facilitate installations in multi-user environments (i.e., when the installer is run by one Windows user, but NEMO will be run by different Windows users). Among other changes, the new installer program installs Julia for all users. As usual, it is not necessary to uninstall older versions of NEMO before running the installer.

• Other improvements: Revised NEMO's documentation to note that nodal storage modeling requires transmission modeling to be enabled for a storage's input and output fuels. See NodalDistributionStorageCapacity.

Version 1.6

• Interest rates for technologies, storage, and transmission lines: Added parameters for interest rates for technologies (InterestRateTechnology), storage (InterestRateStorage), and transmission lines (interestrate property of TransmissionLine). If you specify an interest rate, NEMO uses it to calculate financing costs for new endogenous capacity, assuming the capital costs are financed at the interest rate and repaid in equal installments over the life of the capacity. The financing costs are reported in three new output variables (vfinancecost, vfinancecoststorage, and vfinancecosttransmission) and enter into NEMO's cost minimization objective. They are also considered when calculating salvage values for technologies, storage, and transmission lines.

• Negative emissions: Revised NEMO to accommodate negative emissions from technologies. You can activate this feature by specifying a negative emission factor (EmissionActivityRatio). If a technology has a negative emission factor for a pollutant with an externality cost (EmissionsPenalty), it can generate negative emission penalties (vannualtechnologyemissionspenalty / vannualtechnologyemissionpenaltybyemission), lowering total system costs. In this case, you may need to constrain the technology's operation to avoid an unbounded (infeasible) optimization problem. For example, if a technology can generate negative emissions of a pollutant with an externality cost, the cost of building and running the technology is lower than the externality value, and there are no limits on the technology's deployment and use, the optimization problem will be unbounded.

• Deprecation of technology, storage, and transmission-specific discount rates: Based on discussions with users, retired this functionality that was introduced in NEMO 1.5.

• Other performance improvements: Improved the robustness of the createnemodb function.

Version 1.5

• Technology, storage, and transmission-specific discount rates: Revised NEMO so users can specify a different discount rate for each technology and region, storage and region, and transmission line. Technology and storage-specific rates are set with the new DiscountRateTechnology and DiscountRateStorage parameters. Rates for transmission lines are defined as part of the transmission line dimension. The DiscountRate parameter continues to provide the default discount rate for each region.

• Minimum utilization: Added a parameter - MinimumUtilization - that enforces minimum utilization rates for technology capacity.

• Other performance improvements: Streamlined logic for scenario database upgrades.

Version 1.4

• Writing NEMO models: Added a function to write an output file representing the NEMO optimization problem for a scenario (writescenariomodel). This function supports common solver file formats including MPS and LP and can compress its output with Gzip or BZip2. Results from the function can be used as an input to solver performance tuning programs, such as Gurobi's parameter tuning tool and CPLEX's tuning tool.

• Calculating selected years: Added functionality to calculate selected years of a scenario. You can invoke this feature with a new calcyears argument for calculatescenario (and writescenariomodel). Calculating selected years can quickly provide results for large models. The results may not be identical to what you would get if you calculated all years, but NEMO uses several methods to reduce discrepancies between the two cases. See Calculating selected years for details.

• New default solver - Cbc: Changed the default solver for calculatescenario to Cbc. Since NEMO version 1.3, Cbc generally offers better performance than GLPK for NEMO models.

• Simplified parameters for inter-regional trading: Trading between two regions can now be enabled with a single row linking the regions in TradeRoute.

• New output variable - vtransmissionbylineannual: Added a variable that reports annual transmission through a transmission line in energy terms.

• Bug fix - exogenous emissions: Revised vannualemissions so it includes any exogenously specified annual emissions (AnnualExogenousEmission), and vmodelperiodemissions so it includes any exogenously specified annual and model period emissions (AnnualExogenousEmission and ModelPeriodExogenousEmission).

• Other performance improvements: Implemented various enhancements to improve NEMO's performance for large models, particularly those with multiple regions.

Version 1.3.1

• Solver parameters in NEMO configuration files: Added support for setting solver parameters via a NEMO configuration file. Users can activate this feature by assigning a comma-delimited list of parameter name-value pairs to the parameters key in a configuration file's solver block. The pairs should be in this form: parameter1=value1, parameter2=value2, .... See the documentation for configuration files for more information.

• Forcing mixed-integer optimization problems: Added an option that forces NEMO to formulate a mixed-integer optimization problem when calculating a scenario. This can improve performance with some solvers. The option can be invoked as an argument passed to calculatescenario (forcemip) or in a NEMO configuration file (forcemip key in calculatescenarioargs block). See the documentation for calculatescenario and configuration files for more information.

Version 1.3

• Julia and JuMP upgrade: Updated NEMO to run on Julia 1.5.3 and JuMP 0.21.6. The new version of JuMP includes support for the most recent versions of key solvers, among them Cbc (2.10), CPLEX (12.10 and 20.1), and Gurobi (9.0 and 9.1). Note that this version of JuMP also uses a new solver abstraction layer, MathOptInterface, which changes how solvers are referenced when creating a JuMP model. See the documentation for calculatescenario for more information and examples.

Version 1.2

• Ramp rates: Added support for modeling technology ramp rates. You can activate this feature with two new parameters - RampRate and RampingReset.

• Parallel processing upgrades: Revised calculatescenario so users can take advantage of parallelization without having to invoke Julia's Distributed package and add processes manually. Introduced the numprocs argument, which lets users specify the number of processes to use for parallelized operations. When numprocs is set, NEMO initializes new processes as needed. Refactored the queries in calculatescenario to parallelize as many of them as possible.

• Xpress solver: Added Xpress as an officially supported NEMO solver. This includes incorporating Xpress in the Julia system image that's distributed with the NEMO installer program.

• Installer program enhancements: Upgraded the installer program to facilitate installation when the executing user isn't an operating system administrator. Also improved the integration of the installer program with LEAP.

• General error handling in calculatescenario: Restructured calculatescenario so exceptions are trapped and presented along with information on how to report problems to the NEMO team.

• Other changes: Streamlined NEMO's logic for upgrading legacy database versions in calculatescenario. Now the functions that perform upgrades are only called when needed. Removed the createnemodb_leap function since LEAP isn't using it.